InVivoMAb polyclonal rat IgG
Product Description
Specifications
| Isotype | Rat IgG |
|---|---|
| Recommended Dilution Buffer | InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer |
| Conjugation | This product is unconjugated. Conjugation is available via our Antibody Conjugation Services. |
| Formulation |
PBS, pH 7.0 Contains no stabilizers or preservatives |
| Endotoxin |
≤1EU/mg (≤0.001EU/μg) Determined by LAL assay |
| Purity |
≥95% Determined by SDS-PAGE |
| Sterility | 0.2 µm filtration |
| Production | Purified from rat serum |
| Purification | Protein G |
| RRID | AB_1107795 |
| Molecular Weight | 150 kDa |
| Storage | The antibody solution should be stored at the stock concentration at 4°C. Do not freeze. |
| Need a Custom Formulation? | See All Antibody Customization Options |
Application References
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Xia, X., et al (2021). "Decreased NSG3 enhances PD-L1 expression by Erk1/2 pathway to promote pancreatic cancer progress" Am J Cancer Res 11(3): 916-929.
PubMed
Inhibiting the functioning of PD-1/PD-L1 to activate human immune system and improve the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) would provide a significant boost to handling the disease. One research found the expression level of NSG3 was reduced in pediatric pilocytic astrocytoma, so is PC and we found NSG3 could regulate the expression of PD-L1. So NSG3 could become a new target for enhancing the immune response to PC. The GEPIA website was employed to analyze the prognoses in PC patients with different NSG3 levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was applied to detect different levels of NSG3 in para-PC and PC tissues. Cell biological function tests (in vitro) were performed and a subcutaneous nude mice tumor model (in vivo) was established to verify the effect of NSG3 on PC. Immunoblotting and RT-qPCR were utilized to demonstrate the inhibiting effect of NSG3 on PD-L1 through regulating Erk1/2 phosphorylation. A subcutaneous C57BL/6 tumor mice model was established to assess the possibility of a synergistic effect of NSG3 expression and the use of an anti-PD-L1 antibody on PC. PC tissues had decreased NSG3 expression levels, which led to poor prognosis. Overexpressing NSG3 suppressed proliferation, invasion and migration capacities of PC cells. On the contrary, knocking-down NSG3 prompted PC malignancy whether in vivo or in vitro. Importantly, NSG3 prevented Erk1/2 phosphorylation to inhibit PD-L1 expression. Additionally, NSG3 and an immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 antibody acted synergistically, which enhanced the efficacy of the inhibitor. NSG3 inhibited PD-L1 expression by suppressing Erk1/2 phosphorylation to improve the immune response to PC. NSG3 is, therefore, a potential new diagnostic and prognostic marker, particularly useful in immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Teijeira, Á., et al (2020). "CXCR1 and CXCR2 Chemokine Receptor Agonists Produced by Tumors Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps that Interfere with Immune Cytotoxicity" Immunity 52(5): 856-871.e858.
PubMed
Neutrophils are expanded and abundant in cancer-bearing hosts. Under the influence of CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor agonists and other chemotactic factors produced by tumors, neutrophils, and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from cancer patients extrude their neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In our hands, CXCR1 and CXCR2 agonists proved to be the major mediators of cancer-promoted NETosis. NETs wrap and coat tumor cells and shield them from cytotoxicity, as mediated by CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, by obstructing contact between immune cells and the surrounding target cells. Tumor cells protected from cytotoxicity by NETs underlie successful cancer metastases in mice and the immunotherapeutic synergy of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitors, which curtail NETosis with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Intravital microscopy provides evidence of neutrophil NETs interfering cytolytic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cell contacts with tumor cells.
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Bryant-Hudson, K. M. and D. J. Carr (2012). "PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells contribute to viral resistance during acute HSV-1 infection" Clin Dev Immunol 2012: 924619.
PubMed
The inhibitory receptor, Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), and its ligands (PD-L1/PD-L2) are thought to play a role in immune surveillance during chronic viral infection. The contribution of the receptor/ligand pair during an acute infection is less understood. To determine the role of PD-L1 and PD-L2 during acute ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, HSV-1-infected mice administered neutralizing antibody to PD-L1 or PD-L2 were assessed for viral burden and host cellular immune responses. Virus titers were elevated in cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) of anti-PD-L1-treated mice which corresponded with a reduced number of CD80-expressing dendritic cells, PD-L1(+) dendritic cells, and HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells within the draining (mandibular) lymph node (MLN). In contrast, anti-PD-L2 treatment had no effect on viral replication or changes in the MLN population. Notably, analysis of CD11c-enriched MLN cells from anti-PD-L1-treated mice revealed impaired functional capabilities. These studies indicate PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells are important for antiviral defense during acute HSV-1 infection.
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Turnquist, H. R., et al (2011). "IL-33 expands suppressive CD11b+ Gr-1(int) and regulatory T cells, including ST2L+ Foxp3+ cells, and mediates regulatory T cell-dependent promotion of cardiac allograft survival" J Immunol 187(9): 4598-4610.
PubMed
IL-33 administration is associated with facilitation of Th2 responses and cardioprotective properties in rodent models. However, in heart transplantation, the mechanism by which IL-33, signaling through ST2L (the membrane-bound form of ST2), promotes transplant survival is unclear. We report that IL-33 administration, while facilitating Th2 responses, also increases immunoregulatory myeloid cells and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. IL-33 expands functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD11b(+) cells that exhibit intermediate (int) levels of Gr-1 and potent T cell suppressive function. Furthermore, IL-33 administration causes an St2-dependent expansion of suppressive CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, including an ST2L(+) population. IL-33 monotherapy after fully allogeneic mouse heart transplantation resulted in significant graft prolongation associated with increased Th2-type responses and decreased systemic CD8(+) IFN-gamma(+) cells. Also, despite reducing overall CD3(+) cell infiltration of the graft, IL-33 administration markedly increased intragraft Foxp3(+) cells. Whereas control graft recipients displayed increases in systemic CD11b(+) Gr-1(hi) cells, IL-33-treated recipients exhibited increased CD11b(+) Gr-1(int) cells. Enhanced ST2 expression was observed in the myocardium and endothelium of rejecting allografts, however the therapeutic effect of IL-33 required recipient St2 expression and was dependent on Tregs. These findings reveal a new immunoregulatory property of IL-33. Specifically, in addition to supporting Th2 responses, IL-33 facilitates regulatory cells, particularly functional CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs that underlie IL-33-mediated cardiac allograft survival.
Product Citations
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Combination adjuvants drive long-lived plastic Th17 cells that convert to multi-functional Th1 cells and protect mice against fungal infection.
In MBio on 8 July 2026 by Wüthrich, M., Okaa, U. J., et al.
PubMed
Th1 cells are viewed as a cornerstone of immunity to fungi and other intracellular pathogens. Despite the widely accepted role of Th1 cells in antifungal resistance, the development of protective strategies harnessing them is stunted by a limited understanding of how best to promote their development. We and others have reported a requisite role for Th17 cells in resistance to fungi. We have long been puzzled about how to reconcile seminal roles for both Th1 and Th17 subsets. Here, we report that Th17 cells convert into polyfunctional Th1 cells producing multiple cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF, and GM-CSF, when we used adjuvant formulations that include glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) to enhance antifungal immunity. GLA-induced plastic Th17 cells that convert into polyfunctional Th1 memory cells.IMPORTANCEVaccines have furnished major improvements in public health worldwide. An understanding of the immune mechanisms that underpin the development of vaccines and strategies to improve them thus represents important goals. We employed a mouse model of blastomycosis to study an experimental vaccine against the causative fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis. By using a protein antigen-based vaccine, we protected the animals against experimental infection. Analysis of the types of cells and features of immunity that shaped vaccine immunity revealed that the cells are ideally endowed with the capacity to protect when they are "polyfunctional"; that is, they evolve to produce several protein products-cytokines-that recruit and activate other immune cells. We found that we could optimally induce polyfunctional cells by adding a special adjuvant, or vaccine enhancer, to the vaccine antigen. Our results establish an important role for the adjuvant and polyfunctional cells in promoting effective vaccination.
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Activated T cell extracellular vesicle DNA transfer enhances antigen presentation and anti-tumor immunity.
In Cancer Cell on 11 May 2026 by Hu, M., Liu, D. A., et al.
PubMed
Antigen processing and presentation (APP) is essential for adaptive immunosurveillance. We uncover a mechanism whereby activated T cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ATEVs) drive a positive feedback loop that enhances antigen presentation and immune responses in normal physiology and cancer. ATEV-induced immunogenicity relies on extracellular vesicular double-stranded DNA (EVDNA), which is notably abundant and primarily composed of genomic DNA enriched in immune-related genes, including those encoding APP machinery. Mechanistically, granzyme B (Gzmb) packaged by ATEVs disrupts the nuclear envelope of recipient cells, facilitating intranuclear transfer and subsequent transient expression of EVDNA encoding APP genes. DNase treatment removes most AT-EVDNA, abrogating APP upregulation and thus T cell activation and recruitment to tumors. Notably, ATEVs hold promise as an acellular immunotherapy, restoring APP and synergizing with checkpoint blockade in immunotherapy-refractory tumors. Collectively, our findings uncover a mechanism of transient, non-viral gene delivery by ATEVs that boosts APP and anti-tumor immunity while limiting autoimmunity.
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Deciphering and Targeting the Schwannoma-Neuron-Macrophage Crosstalk for the Treatment of Schwannomatosis and Associated Pain.
In Adv Sci (Weinh) on 1 May 2026 by Yin, Z., Wu, L., et al.
PubMed
Non-NF2 Schwannomatosis (SWN) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple non-malignant schwannomas growing on the spine and peripheral nerves. Patients with SWN overwhelmingly present with intractable chronic pain. There are no FDA-approved drugs to halt tumor growth or alleviate pain. Research on SWN is hindered by the lack of clinically relevant models. We established patient-derived SWN cell lines from patients with varying pain levels and developed orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models that reproduce patients' pain responses. We further developed a novel dorsal root ganglia (DRG) imaging model for longitudinal intravital imaging of macrophage infiltration into the DRG and sensory neuron pain response. Leveraging these novel models, we found that Schwannomas grown distantly in the peripheral nerve caused an influx of macrophages into the DRG. These macrophages in the DRG caused pain via overproducing IL-6. Treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody reduced pain but had modest efficacy in tumor control. We identified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling as a key driver of schwannoma growth and an escape mechanism from anti-IL6 treatment. Finally, we found that combining IL-6 and EGFR blockade effectively controlled pain and tumor growth simultaneously in SWN models. In summary, we elucidated the cellular and molecular crosstalk between schwannoma (HMGB1), neuron (CCL2), and macrophage (IL-6) in driving pain, and identified the EGF signaling pathway as a driver of SWN tumor progression, thereby uncovering novel therapeutic targets that may improve clinical management of SWN.
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In Silico Comparison of Rifampicin and 25-desacetyl Rifampicin-Induced PXR-Mediated CYP450 Transcriptional Response in 3D Primary Human Hepatocytes.
In Bull Math Biol on 6 March 2026 by Kahiya, E. T., Smutny, T., et al.
PubMed
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and plays a crucial role in the metabolism of various drugs. Rifampicin (RIF) is a PXR ligand that forms the primary metabolite, 25-desacetyl rifampicin (25-DRIF), which retains the antimicrobial activity of the original drug. In this study, we quantified PXR activation and its associated effects on CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2B6 enzymes in response to 25-DRIF treatment by combining mathematical modeling with long-term mRNA expression analysis of these enzymes in 3D primary human hepatocyte (3D PHH) spheroids. Our estimates suggest that 25-DRIF activates PXR at a rate 20 times lower than RIF. The PXR-dependent rate constant for CYP3A4 transcription was estimated to be higher in 3D PHHs treated with 25-DRIF than in those treated with RIF and also higher than that for CYP2B6 transcription in 3D PHHs treated with 25-DRIF. The rate constants driving PXR-dependent transcription of CYP2C9 were comparable in RIF- and 25-DRIF-treated 3D PHHs. These results demonstrate the ligand-specific nature of PXR activation and suggest that the transcription of PXR-controlled CYP enzymes is ligand- and CYP-specific in 3D PHHs. Finally, we showed that the half-maximal effective concentration ( EC50 ) evaluated from our mathematical predictions was time-dependent, which was further validated by CYP3A4 gene reporter assays that measured RIF-induced PXR activity.