InVivoMAb anti-mouse Ter-119
Product Details
The TER-119 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse Ter-119 a 52 kDa glycophorin A-associated protein that is expressed by erythroid cells from the early proerythroblast stage to mature erythrocytes. The TER-119 antibody is commonly used for identifying erythrocytes and cells in the erythroid lineage.Specifications
| Isotype | Rat IgG2b,Ā Īŗ |
|---|---|
| Recommended Isotype Control(s) | InVivoMAb rat IgG2b isotype control, anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin |
| Recommended Dilution Buffer | InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer |
| Conjugation | This product is unconjugated. Conjugation is available via our Antibody Conjugation Services. |
| Immunogen | C57BL/6 mouse fetal liver cells |
| Reported Applications |
in vivo administration in vitro erythrocyte negative selection Functional assays Flow cytometry |
| Formulation |
PBS, pH 7.0 Contains no stabilizers or preservatives |
| Endotoxin |
<2EU/mg (<0.002EU/Ī¼g) Determined by LAL gel clotting assay |
| Purity |
>95% Determined by SDS-PAGE |
| Sterility | 0.2 Āµm filtration |
| Production | Purified from cell culture supernatant in an animal-free facility |
| Purification | Protein G |
| RRID | AB_10949625 |
| Molecular Weight | 150 kDa |
| Storage | The antibody solution should be stored at the stock concentration at 4Ā°C. Do not freeze. |
Recommended Products
-
Recommended Isotype Control(s)
InVivoMAb rat IgG2b isotype control, anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin
-
Recommended Dilution Buffer
InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer
Flow Cytometry
Wong, R., et al. (2020). "Affinity-Restricted Memory B Cells Dominate Recall Responses to Heterologous Flaviviruses" Immunity 53(5): 1078-1094.e1077. PubMed
Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones without further affinity maturation. To distinguish these mechanisms in flavivirus infections and immunizations, we studied recall responses to envelope protein domain III (DIII). Conditional deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) between heterologous challenges of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses did not affect recall responses. DIII-specific MBCs were contained mostly within the plasma-cell-biased CD80(+) subset, and few GCs arose following heterologous boosters, demonstrating that recall responses are confined by preexisting clonal diversity. Measurement of monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding affinity to DIII proteins, timed AID deletion, single-cell RNA sequencing, and lineage tracing experiments point to selection of relatively low-affinity MBCs as a mechanism to promote diversity. Engineering immunogens to avoid this MBC diversity may facilitate flavivirus-type-specific vaccines with minimized potential for infection enhancement.
in vitro erythrocyte negative selection
Diaz-Salazar, C. and J. C. Sun. (2020). "Coordinated Viral Control by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Ensures Optimal Adaptive NK Cell Responses" Cell Rep 32(12): 108186. PubMed
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in controlling viral infections, coordinating the response of innate and adaptive immune systems. They also possess certain features of adaptive lymphocytes, such as undergoing clonal proliferation. However, it is not known whether this adaptive NK cell response can be modulated by other lymphocytes during viral exposure. Here, we show that the clonal expansion of NK cells during mouse cytomegalovirus infection is severely blunted in the absence of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. This correlates with higher viral burden and an increased pro-inflammatory milieu, which maintains NK cells in a hyper-activated state. Antiviral therapy rescues NK cell expansion in the absence of CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that high viral loads have detrimental effects on adaptive NK cell responses. Altogether, our data support a mechanism whereby cytotoxic innate and adaptive lymphocytes cooperate to ensure viral clearance and the establishment of robust clonal NK cell responses.
Flow Cytometry
Adams, N. M., et al. (2019). "Cytomegalovirus Infection Drives Avidity Selection of Natural Killer Cells" Immunity 50(6): 1381-1390.e1385. PubMed
The process of affinity maturation, whereby T and B cells bearing antigen receptors with optimal affinity to the relevant antigen undergo preferential expansion, is a key feature of adaptive immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes capable of āadaptiveā responses after cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, whether NK cells are similarly selected on the basis of their avidity for cognate ligand is unknown. Here, we showed that NK cells with the highest avidity for the mouse CMV glycoprotein m157 were preferentially selected to expand and comprise the memory NK cell pool, whereas low-avidity NK cells possessed greater capacity for interferon-Ī³ (IFN-Ī³) production. Moreover, we provide evidence for avidity selection occurring in human NK cells during human CMV infection. These results delineate how heterogeneity in NK cell avidity diversifies NK cell effector function during antiviral immunity, and how avidity selection might serve to produce the most potent memory NK cells.
in vivo administration, Flow Cytometry
Yu, X., et al. (2015). "A monoclonal antibody with anti-D-like activity in murine immune thrombocytopenia requires Fc domain function for immune thrombocytopenia ameliorative effects" Transfusion 55(6 Pt 2): 1501-1511. PubMed
BACKGROUND: The mechanism of action of anti-D in ameliorating immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unclear. The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Ter119, which targets murine red blood cells (RBCs), has been shown to mimic the effect of anti-D in improving antibody-mediated murine ITP. The mechanism of Ter119-mediated ITP amelioration, especially the role of the antigen-binding and Fc domains, remains untested. A functional Fc domain is crucial for many therapeutic MoAb activity; therefore, the requirement of Ter119 Fc domain in ITP amelioration is investigated using outbred CD-1 mice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ter119 variants, including Ter119 F(abā)2 fragments, deglycosylated Ter119, and afucosylated Ter119, were generated to test their effect in ameliorating antibody-induced murine ITP. In vivo inhibition of FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIIB was achieved using the Fab fragment of the FcgammaRIII/FcgammaRIIB-specific MoAb 2.4G2. RESULTS: Ter119 F(abā)2 fragments and deglycosylated Ter119 were unable to ameliorate murine ITP or mediate phagocytosis of RBCs by RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. Inhibition of FcgammaRIII and FcgammaRIIB, as well as Ter119 defucosylation, do not affect Ter119-mediated ITP amelioration. CONCLUSION: The Fc domain of Ter119, as well as its Fc glycosylation, is required for Ter119-mediated ITP amelioration. Moreover, both Fc and Fc glycosylation are required for Ter119-mediated phagocytosis in vitro. These findings demonstrate the importance of the Fc domain in a therapeutic MoAb with anti-D-like activity.
Flow Cytometry
Becker, A. M., et al. (2015). "ADAM17 limits the expression of CSF1R on murine hematopoietic progenitors" Exp Hematol 43(1): 44-52 e41-43. PubMed
All-lymphoid progenitors (ALPs) yield few myeloid cells in vivo, but readily generate such cells in vitro. The basis for this difference remains unknown. We hypothesized that ALPs limit responsiveness to in vivo concentrations of myeloid-promoting cytokines by reducing expression of the corresponding receptors, potentially through posttranscriptional mechanisms. Consistent with such a mechanism, ALPs express higher levels of CSF1R transcripts than their upstream precursors, yet show limited cell-surface protein expression of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). All-lymphoid progenitors and other hematopoietic progenitors deficient in A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17), display elevated cell surface CSF1R expression. ADAM17(-/-) ALPs, however, fail to yield myeloid cells upon transplantation into irradiated recipients. Moreover, ADAM17(-/-) ALPs yield fewer macrophages in vitro than control ALPs at high concentrations of macrophage colony stimulating factor. Mice with hematopoietic-specific deletion of ADAM17 have normal numbers of myeloid and lymphoid progenitors and mature cells in vivo. These data demonstrate that ADAM17 limits CSF1R protein expression on hematopoietic progenitors, but that compensatory mechanisms prevent elevated CSF1R levels from altering lymphoid progenitor potential.
Flow Cytometry
Fraser, S. T., et al. (2007). "Maturation and enucleation of primitive erythroblasts during mouse embryogenesis is accompanied by changes in cell-surface antigen expression" Blood 109(1): 343-352. PubMed
Primitive erythroblasts (EryPs) are the first hematopoietic cell type to form during mammalian embryogenesis and emerge within the blood islands of the yolk sac. Large, nucleated EryPs begin to circulate around midgestation, when connections between yolk sac and embryonic vasculature mature. Two to 3 days later, small cells of the definitive erythroid lineage (EryD) begin to differentiate within the fetal liver and rapidly outnumber EryPs in the circulation. The development and maturation of EryPs remain poorly defined. Our analysis of embryonic blood at different stages reveals a stepwise developmental progression within the EryP lineage from E9.5 to E12.5. Thereafter, EryDs are also present in the bloodstream, and the 2 lineages are not easily distinguished. We have generated a transgenic mouse line in which the human epsilon-globin gene promoter drives expression of green fluorescent protein exclusively within the EryP lineage. Here, we have used this line to characterize changes in cell morphology and surface-marker expression as EryPs mature and to track EryP numbers and enucleation throughout gestation. This study identifies previously unrecognized synchronous developmental stages leading to the maturation of EryPs in the mouse embryo. Unexpectedly, we find that EryPs are a stable cell population that persists through the end of gestation.
Flow Cytometry
Otani, T., et al. (2004). "Erythroblasts derived in vitro from embryonic stem cells in the presence of erythropoietin do not express the TER-119 antigen" Exp Hematol 32(7): 607-613. PubMed
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we analyzed murine primitive erythropoiesis by coculturing Flk-1+ ES-derived cells with OP9 to find efficient culture conditions for erythroid cell induction. We utilized a nonserum culture system and EPO (erythropoietin) and found that this cytokine had unique properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ES cells (E14.1) were first differentiated to Flk-1+ cells and then cocultured with OP9 stromal cells. BIT9500 was used as a serum replacement. The erythroid morphology, hemoglobin types, and TER-119 expression levels were analyzed. RESULTS: Primitive erythroid cells with embryonic hemoglobin were generated very efficiently when the serum-containing culture was converted to the nonserum system. In this serum-free culture, TER-119+ erythroblasts appeared first on day 2 and maturation proceeded until day 7. When EPO was added to this coculture, the number of induced floating cells increased twofold to threefold. Unexpectedly, the erythroid-specific antigen TER-119 expression of these cells was drastically reduced. Since reduced TER-119 expression is usually interpreted as maturation arrest, we examined the phenotypic features of the EPO-treated cells. We found, however, no evidence of maturation arrest in the aspects of morphology and hemoglobin content. EPO did not suppress TER-119 expression of erythroblasts derived from fetal liver or adult bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that EPO had the unusual property of inducing TER-119- erythroblasts in ES-derived primitive erythropoiesis. It is likely that this effect is unique to primitive erythropoiesis.
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
CCR4 and CCR7 differentially regulate thymocyte localization with distinct outcomes for central tolerance.
In eLife on 2 June 2023 by Li, Y., Guaman Tipan, P., et al.
PubMed
Central tolerance ensures autoreactive T cells are eliminated or diverted to the regulatory T cell lineage, thus preventing autoimmunity. To undergo central tolerance, thymocytes must enter the medulla to test their T-cell receptors (TCRs) for autoreactivity against the diverse self-antigens displayed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). While CCR7 is known to promote thymocyte medullary entry and negative selection, our previous studies implicate CCR4 in these processes, raising the question of whether CCR4 and CCR7 play distinct or redundant roles in central tolerance. Here, synchronized positive selection assays, two-photon time-lapse microscopy, and quantification of TCR-signaled apoptotic thymocytes, demonstrate that CCR4 and CCR7 promote medullary accumulation and central tolerance of distinct post-positive selection thymocyte subsets in mice. CCR4 is upregulated within hours of positive selection signaling and promotes medullary entry and clonal deletion of immature post-positive selection thymocytes. In contrast, CCR7 is expressed several days later and is required for medullary localization and negative selection of mature thymocytes. In addition, CCR4 and CCR7 differentially enforce self-tolerance, with CCR4 enforcing tolerance to self-antigens presented by activated APCs, which express CCR4 ligands. Our findings show that CCR7 expression is not synonymous with medullary localization and support a revised model of central tolerance in which CCR4 and CCR7 promote early and late stages of negative selection, respectively, via interactions with distinct APC subsets. Ā© 2023, Li, Guaman Tipan et al.
- In Vitro,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
Lactate dehydrogenase A-dependent aerobic glycolysis promotes natural killer cell anti-viral and anti-tumor function.
In Cell Reports on 1 June 2021 by Sheppard, S., Santosa, E. K., et al.
PubMed
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of rapid cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and clonal expansion. To sustain such energetically demanding processes, NK cells must increase their metabolic capacity upon activation. However, little is known about the metabolic requirements specific to NK cells inĀ vivo. To gain greater insight, we investigated the role of aerobic glycolysis in NK cell function and demonstrate that their glycolytic rate increases rapidly following viral infection and inflammation, prior to that of CD8+ TĀ cells. NK cell-specific deletion of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) reveals that activated NK cells rely on this enzyme for both effector function and clonal proliferation, with the latter being shared with TĀ cells. As a result, LDHA-deficient NK cells are defective in their anti-viral and anti-tumor protection. These findings suggest that aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of NK cell activation that is key to their function. Copyright Ā© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Immu-depl,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
Radiotherapy and immunotherapy converge on elimination of tumor-promoting erythroid progenitor cells through adaptive immunity.
In Science Translational Medicine on 24 February 2021 by Hou, Y., Liang, H. L., et al.
PubMed
Tumor-induced CD45-Ter119+CD71+ erythroid progenitor cells, termed "Ter cells," promote tumor progression by secreting artemin (ARTN), a neurotrophic peptide that activates REarranged during Transfection (RET) signaling. We demonstrate that both local tumor ionizing radiation (IR) and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment decreased tumor-induced Ter cell abundance in the mouse spleen and ARTN secretion outside the irradiation field in an interferon- and CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Recombinant erythropoietin promoted resistance to radiotherapy or anti-PD-L1 therapies by restoring Ter cell numbers and serum ARTN concentration. Blockade of ARTN or potential ARTN signaling partners, or depletion of Ter cells augmented the antitumor effects of both IR and anti-PD-L1 therapies in mice. Analysis of samples from patients who received radioimmunotherapy demonstrated that IR-mediated reduction of Ter cells, ARTN, and GFRĪ±3, an ARTN signaling partner, were each associated with tumor regression. Patients with melanoma who received immunotherapy exhibited favorable outcomes associated with decreased expression of GFRĪ±3. These findings demonstrate an out-of-field, or "abscopal," effect mediated by adaptive immunity, which is induced during local tumor irradiation. This effect, in turn, governs the therapeutic effects of radiation and immunotherapy. Therefore, our results identify multiple targets to potentially improve outcomes after radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Copyright Ā© 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
- FC/FACS,
- Mus musculus (House mouse)
Divergent Role for STAT5 in the Adaptive Responses of Natural Killer Cells.
In Cell Reports on 15 December 2020 by Wiedemann, G. M., Grassmann, S., et al.
PubMed
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with the capacity to elicit adaptive features, including clonal expansion and immunological memory. Because signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is essential for NK cell development, the roles of this transcription factor and its upstream cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 during infection have not been carefully investigated. In this study, we investigate how STAT5 regulates transcription during viral infection. We demonstrate that STAT5 is induced in NK cells by IL-12 and STAT4 early after infection and that partial STAT5 deficiency results in a defective capacity of NK cells to generate long-lived memory cells. Furthermore, we find a functional dichotomy of IL-2 and IL-15 signaling outputs during viral infection, whereby both cytokines drive clonal expansion, but only IL-15 is required for memory NK cell survival. We thus highlight a role for STAT5 signaling in promoting an optimal anti-viral NK cell response. Copyright Ā© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- FC/FACS,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Immunology and Microbiology,
- Neuroscience
Affinity-Restricted Memory B Cells Dominate Recall Responses to Heterologous Flaviviruses.
In Immunity on 17 November 2020 by Wong, R., Belk, J. A., et al.
PubMed
Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones without further affinity maturation. To distinguish these mechanisms in flavivirus infections and immunizations, we studied recall responses to envelope protein domain III (DIII). Conditional deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) between heterologous challenges of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses did not affect recall responses. DIII-specific MBCs were contained mostly within the plasma-cell-biased CD80+ subset, and few GCs arose following heterologous boosters, demonstrating that recall responses are confined by preexisting clonal diversity. Measurement of monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding affinity to DIII proteins, timed AID deletion, single-cell RNA sequencing, and lineage tracing experiments point to selection of relatively low-affinity MBCs as a mechanism to promote diversity. Engineering immunogens to avoid this MBC diversity may facilitate flavivirus-type-specific vaccines with minimized potential for infection enhancement.Copyright Ā© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- In Vivo,
- FC/FACS,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Immunology and Microbiology
Coordinated Viral Control by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Ensures Optimal Adaptive NK Cell Responses.
In Cell Reports on 22 September 2020 by Diaz-Salazar, C. & Sun, J. C.
PubMed
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in controlling viral infections, coordinating the response of innate and adaptive immune systems. They also possess certain features of adaptive lymphocytes, such as undergoing clonal proliferation. However, it is not known whether this adaptive NK cell response can be modulated by other lymphocytes during viral exposure. Here, we show that the clonal expansion of NK cells during mouse cytomegalovirus infection is severely blunted in the absence of cytotoxic CD8+ TĀ cells. This correlates with higher viral burden and an increased pro-inflammatory milieu, which maintains NK cells in a hyper-activated state. Antiviral therapy rescues NK cell expansion in the absence of CD8+ TĀ cells, suggesting that high viral loads have detrimental effects on adaptive NK cell responses. Altogether, our data support a mechanism whereby cytotoxic innate and adaptive lymphocytes cooperate to ensure viral clearance and the establishment of robust clonal NK cell responses. Copyright Ā© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Immunology and Microbiology
Cytomegalovirus Infection Drives Avidity Selection of Natural Killer Cells.
In Immunity on 18 June 2019 by Adams, N. M., Geary, C. D., et al.
PubMed
The process of affinity maturation, whereby T and BĀ cells bearing antigen receptors with optimal affinity to the relevant antigen undergo preferential expansion, is a key feature of adaptive immunity. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes capable of "adaptive" responses after cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, whether NK cells are similarly selected on the basis of their avidity for cognate ligand is unknown. Here, we showed that NK cells with the highest avidity for the mouse CMV glycoprotein m157 were preferentially selected to expand and comprise the memory NK cell pool, whereas low-avidity NK cells possessed greater capacity for interferon-Ī³ (IFN-Ī³) production. Moreover, we provide evidence for avidity selection occurring in human NK cells during human CMV infection. These results delineate how heterogeneity in NK cell avidity diversifies NK cell effector function during antiviral immunity, and how avidity selection might serve to produce the most potent memory NK cells. Copyright Ā© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- MACS,
- FC/FACS,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Immunology and Microbiology
Live-cell imaging reveals the relative contributions of antigen-presenting cell subsets to thymic central tolerance.
In Nature Communications on 17 May 2019 by Lancaster, J. N., Thyagarajan, H. M., et al.
PubMed
Both medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) and dendritic cells (DC) present tissue-restricted antigens (TRA) to thymocytes to induce central tolerance, but the relative contributions of these antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets remain unresolved. Here we developed a two-photon microscopy approach to observe thymocytes interacting with intact APCs presenting TRAs. We find that mTECs and DCs cooperate extensively to induce tolerance, with their relative contributions regulated by the cellular form of the TRA and the class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on which antigen is presented. Even when TRA expression is restricted to mTECs, DCs still present self-antigens at least as frequently as mTECs. Notably, the DC subset cDC2 efficiently acquires secreted mTEC-derived TRAs for cross-presentation on MHC-I. By directly imaging interactions between thymocytes and APCs, while monitoring intracellular signaling, this study reveals that distinct DC subsets and AIRE+ mTECs contribute substantially to presentation of diverse self-antigens for establishing central tolerance.
- In Vitro,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Immunology and Microbiology
CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4-lineage thymocytes but is dispensable for central tolerance induction.
In PLoS ONE on 20 July 2018 by Thyagarajan, H. M., Lancaster, J. N., et al.
PubMed
Following positive selection, thymocytes migrate into the medulla where they encounter diverse self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Thymocytes expressing T cell receptors (TCRs) with high affinity for self-antigens displayed by medullary antigen presenting cells (APCs) undergo either negative selection or diversion to the regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage, thus ensuring maturation of non-autoreactive T cells. Because many self-antigens are expressed by only a small percentage of medullary thymic epithelial cells, thymocytes must enter the medulla and efficiently scan APCs therein to encounter the full array of self-antigens that induce central tolerance. Chemokine receptors play a critical role in promoting medullary entry and rapid motility of post-positive selection thymocytes. We found that the chemokine receptor CCR8 is expressed by post-positive selection CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes in mice, while the corresponding chemokine ligands are expressed by medullary APCs, and thus hypothesized that CCR8 would promote thymocyte medullary entry and/or rapid motility to induce negative selection. However, despite a subtle decline in thymocyte medullary accumulation and the presence of autoantibodies in aged CCR8-deficient mice, CCR8 was not required for thymocyte differentiation, rapid motility, or negative selection.
- ChIP,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Biochemistry and Molecular biology,
- Immunology and Microbiology
Transcription Factor IRF8 Orchestrates the Adaptive Natural Killer Cell Response.
In Immunity on 19 June 2018 by Adams, N. M., Lau, C. M., et al.
PubMed
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that display features of adaptive immunity during viral infection. Biallelic mutations in IRF8 have been reported to cause familial NK cell deficiency and susceptibility to severe viral infection in humans; however, the precise role of this transcription factor in regulating NK cell function remains unknown. Here, we show that cell-intrinsic IRF8 was required for NK-cell-mediated protection against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. During viral exposure, NK cells upregulated IRF8 through interleukin-12 (IL-12) signaling and the transcription factor STAT4, which promoted epigenetic remodeling of the Irf8 locus. Moreover, IRF8 facilitated the proliferative burst of virus-specific NK cells by promoting expression of cell-cycle genes and directly controlling Zbtb32, a master regulator of virus-driven NK cell proliferation. These findings identify the function and cell-type-specific regulation of IRF8 in NK-cell-mediated antiviral immunity and provide a mechanistic understanding of viral susceptibility in patients with IRF8 mutations. Copyright Ā© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.