InVivoMAb anti-rat IgG2a
Product Details
The RG7/1.30 monoclonal antibody reacts with the Fc region of rat IgG2a. It is commonly used as a secondary antibody to detect rat IgG2a antibodies in various diagnostic applications.Specifications
| Isotype | Mouse IgG2b,Ā Īŗ |
|---|---|
| Recommended Isotype Control(s) | InVivoMAb mouse IgG2b isotype control, unknown specificity |
| Recommended Dilution Buffer | InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer |
| Conjugation | This product is unconjugated. Conjugation is available via our Antibody Conjugation Services. |
| Immunogen | Rat IgG2a |
| Reported Applications |
Immunofluorescence ELISA Flow cytometry |
| Formulation |
PBS, pH 7.0 Contains no stabilizers or preservatives |
| Endotoxin |
<2EU/mg (<0.002EU/Ī¼g) Determined by LAL gel clotting assay |
| Purity |
>95% Determined by SDS-PAGE |
| Sterility | 0.2 Āµm filtration |
| Production | Purified from cell culture supernatant in an animal-free facility |
| Purification | Protein G |
| RRID | AB_2687732 |
| Molecular Weight | 150 kDa |
| Storage | The antibody solution should be stored at the stock concentration at 4Ā°C. Do not freeze. |
Recommended Products
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Recommended Isotype Control(s)
InVivoMAb mouse IgG2b isotype control, unknown specificity
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Recommended Dilution Buffer
InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer
Flow Cytometry
Hadland, B. K., et al. (2015). "Endothelium and NOTCH specify and amplify aorta-gonad-mesonephros-derived hematopoietic stem cells" J Clin Invest 125(5): 2032-2045. PubMed
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first emerge during embryonic development within vessels such as the dorsal aorta of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, suggesting that signals from the vascular microenvironment are critical for HSC development. Here, we demonstrated that AGM-derived endothelial cells (ECs) engineered to constitutively express AKT (AGM AKT-ECs) can provide an in vitro niche that recapitulates embryonic HSC specification and amplification. Specifically, nonengrafting embryonic precursors, including the VE-cadherin-expressing population that lacks hematopoietic surface markers, cocultured with AGM AKT-ECs specified into long-term, adult-engrafting HSCs, establishing that a vascular niche is sufficient to induce the endothelial-to-HSC transition in vitro. Subsequent to hematopoietic induction, coculture with AGM AKT-ECs also substantially increased the numbers of HSCs derived from VE-cadherin(+)CD45(+) AGM hematopoietic cells, consistent with a role in supporting further HSC maturation and self-renewal. We also identified conditions that included NOTCH activation with an immobilized NOTCH ligand that were sufficient to amplify AGM-derived HSCs following their specification in the absence of AGM AKT-ECs. Together, these studies begin to define the critical niche components and resident signals required for HSC induction and self-renewal ex vivo, and thus provide insight for development of defined in vitro systems targeted toward HSC generation for therapeutic applications.
Flow Cytometry
Kim, P. G., et al. (2015). "Flow-induced protein kinase A-CREB pathway acts via BMP signaling to promote HSC emergence" J Exp Med 212(5): 633-648. PubMed
Fluid shear stress promotes the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) of the developing mouse embryo. We determined that the AGM is enriched for expression of targets of protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), a pathway activated by fluid shear stress. By analyzing CREB genomic occupancy from chromatin-immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data, we identified the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway as a potential regulator of CREB. By chemical modulation of the PKA-CREB and BMP pathways in isolated AGM VE-cadherin(+) cells from mid-gestation embryos, we demonstrate that PKA-CREB regulates hematopoietic engraftment and clonogenicity of hematopoietic progenitors, and is dependent on secreted BMP ligands through the type I BMP receptor. Finally, we observed blunting of this signaling axis using Ncx1-null embryos, which lack a heartbeat and intravascular flow. Collectively, we have identified a novel PKA-CREB-BMP signaling pathway downstream of shear stress that regulates HSC emergence in the AGM via the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition.
Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence
Ding, Z., et al. (2013). "Complement-activating IgM enhances the humoral but not the T cell immune response in mice" PLoS One 8(11): e81299. PubMed
IgM antibodies specific for a certain antigen can enhance antibody responses when administered together with this antigen, a process believed to require complement activation by IgM. However, recent data show that a knock-in mouse strain, Cmu13, which only produces IgM unable to activate complement, has normal antibody responses. Moreover, the recently discovered murine IgM Fc receptor (FcmicroR or TOSO/FAIM3) was shown to affect antibody responses. This prompted the re-investigation of whether complement activation by specific IgM is indeed required for enhancement of antibody responses and whether the mutation in Cmicro13 IgM also caused impaired binding to FcmicroR. The results show that IgM from Cmicro13 and wildtype mice bound equally well to the murine FcmicroR. In spite of this, specific Cmu13 IgM administered together with sheep red blood cells or keyhole limpet hemocyanine was a very poor enhancer of the antibody and germinal center responses as compared with wildtype IgM. Within seconds after immunization, wildtype IgM induced deposition of C3 on sheep red blood cells in the blood. IgM which efficiently enhanced the T-dependent humoral immune response had no effect on activation of specific CD4(+) T cells as measured by cell numbers, cell division, blast transformation, or expression of the activation markers LFA-1 and CD44 in vivo. These observations confirm the importance of complement for the ability of specific IgM to enhance antibody responses and suggest that there is a divergence between the regulation of T- and B-cell responses by IgM.
Flow Cytometry
Otero, D. C., et al. (2013). "IRF7-dependent IFN-beta production in response to RANKL promotes medullary thymic epithelial cell development" J Immunol 190(7): 3289-3298. PubMed
The contributions of IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3/7 and the type I IFNs IFN-alpha/beta to the innate host defense have been extensively investigated; however, their role in thymic development is less clear. In this study, we show that mice lacking the type I IFN receptor IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) or the downstream transcription factor STAT1 harbor a significant reduction in self-Ag-presenting, autoimmune regulator (AIRE)(+) medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Constitutive IFNAR signaling occurs in the thymic medulla in the absence of infection or inflammation. Receptor activator for NF-kappaB (RANK) ligand stimulation results in IFN-beta upregulation, which in turn inhibits RANK signaling and facilitates AIRE expression in mTECs. Finally, we find that IRF7 is required for thymic IFN-beta induction, maintenance of thymic architecture, and mTEC differentiation. We conclude that spatially and temporally coordinated cross talks between the RANK ligand/RANK and IRF7/IFN-beta/IFNAR/STAT1 pathways are essential for differentiation of AIRE(+) mTECs.
Flow Cytometry
Ouchida, R., et al. (2012). "Critical role of the IgM Fc receptor in IgM homeostasis, B-cell survival, and humoral immune responses" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(40): E2699-2706. PubMed
IgM antibodies have been known for decades to enhance humoral immune responses in an antigen-specific fashion. This enhancement has been thought to be dependent on complement activation by IgM-antigen complexes; however, recent genetic studies render this mechanism unlikely. Here, we describe a likely alternative explanation; mice lacking the recently identified Fc receptor for IgM (FcmuR) on B cells produced significantly less antibody to protein antigen during both primary and memory responses. This immune deficiency was accompanied by impaired germinal center formation and decreased plasma and memory B-cell generation. FcmuR did not affect steady-state B-cell survival but specifically enhanced the survival and proliferation induced by B-cell receptor cross-linking. Moreover, FcmuR-deficient mice produced far more autoantibodies than control mice as they aged, suggesting that FcmuR is also required for maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. Our results thus define a unique pathway mediated by the FcmuR for regulating immunity and tolerance and suggest that IgM antibodies promote humoral immune responses to foreign antigen yet suppress autoantibody production through at least two pathways: complement activation and FcmuR.
Flow Cytometry
Young, G. R., et al. (2012). "Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice" Nature 491(7426): 774-778. PubMed
The mammalian host has developed a long-standing symbiotic relationship with a considerable number of microbial species. These include the microbiota on environmental surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and also endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), comprising a substantial fraction of the mammalian genome. The long-term consequences for the host of interactions with these microbial species can range from mutualism to parasitism and are not always completely understood. The potential effect of one microbial symbiont on another is even less clear. Here we study the control of ERVs in the commonly used C57BL/6 (B6) mouse strain, which lacks endogenous murine leukaemia viruses (MLVs) able to replicate in murine cells. We demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of fully infectious ecotropic MLV in B6 mice with a range of distinct immune deficiencies affecting antibody production. These recombinant retroviruses establish infection of immunodeficient mouse colonies, and ultimately result in retrovirus-induced lymphomas. Notably, ERV activation in immunodeficient mice is prevented in husbandry conditions associated with reduced or absent intestinal microbiota. Our results shed light onto a previously unappreciated role for immunity in the control of ERVs and provide a potential mechanistic link between immune activation by microbial triggers and a range of pathologies associated with ERVs, including cancer.
ELISA
van den Brandt, J., et al. (2007). "Enhanced glucocorticoid receptor signaling in T cells impacts thymocyte apoptosis and adaptive immune responses" Am J Pathol 170(3): 1041-1053. PubMed
To study the effect of enhanced glucocorticoid signaling on T cells, we generated transgenic rats overexpressing a mutant glucocorticoid receptor with increased ligand affinity in the thymus. We found that this caused massive thymocyte apoptosis at physiological hormone levels, which could be reversed by adrenalectomy. Due to homeostatic proliferation, a considerable number of mature T lymphocytes accumulated in the periphery, responding normally to costimulation but exhibiting a perturbed T-cell repertoire. Furthermore, the transgenic rats showed increased resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which manifests in a delayed onset and milder disease course, impaired leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system and a distinct cytokine profile. In contrast, the ability of the transgenic rats to mount an allergic airway response to ovalbumin was not compromised, although isotype switching of antigen-specific immunoglobulins was altered. Collectively, our findings suggest that endogenous glucocorticoids impact T-cell development and favor the selection of Th2- over Th1-dominated adaptive immune responses.
- Immunology and Microbiology,
- Cancer Research
The GPCR-GĪ±s-PKA signaling axis promotes T cell dysfunction and cancer immunotherapy failure.
In Nature Immunology on 1 August 2023 by Wu, V. H., Yung, B. S., et al.
PubMed
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, many cancers do not respond to ICB, prompting the search for additional strategies to achieve durable responses. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied drug targets but are underexplored in immuno-oncology. Here, we cross-integrated large singe-cell RNA-sequencing datasets from CD8+ T cells covering 19 distinct cancer types and identified an enrichment of GĪ±s-coupled GPCRs on exhausted CD8+ T cells. These include EP2, EP4, A2AR, Ī²1AR and Ī²2AR, all of which promote T cell dysfunction. We also developed transgenic mice expressing a chemogenetic CD8-restricted GĪ±s-DREADD to activate CD8-restricted GĪ±s signaling and show that a GĪ±s-PKA signaling axis promotes CD8+ T cell dysfunction and immunotherapy failure. These data indicate that GĪ±s-GPCRs are druggable immune checkpoints that might be targeted to enhance the response to ICB immunotherapies. Ā© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
A small molecule inhibitor of PTP1B and PTPN2 enhances T cell anti-tumor immunity.
In Nature Communications on 27 July 2023 by Liang, S., Tran, E., et al.
PubMed
The inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B) and N2 (PTPN2) has emerged as an exciting approach for bolstering T cell anti-tumor immunity. ABBV-CLS-484 is a PTP1B/PTPN2 inhibitor in clinical trials for solid tumors. Here we have explored the therapeutic potential of a related small-molecule-inhibitor, Compound-182. We demonstrate that Compound-182 is a highly potent and selective active site competitive inhibitor of PTP1B and PTPN2 that enhances T cell recruitment and activation and represses the growth of tumors in mice, without promoting overt immune-related toxicities. The enhanced anti-tumor immunity in immunogenic tumors can be ascribed to the inhibition of PTP1B/PTPN2 in T cells, whereas in cold tumors, Compound-182 elicited direct effects on both tumor cells and T cells. Importantly, treatment with Compound-182 rendered otherwise resistant tumors sensitive to Ī±-PD-1 therapy. Our findings establish the potential for small molecule inhibitors of PTP1B and PTPN2 to enhance anti-tumor immunity and combat cancer. Ā© 2023. The Author(s).
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
A small molecule inhibitor of PTP1B and PTPN2 enhances T cell anti-tumor immunity
Preprint on BioRxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology on 16 June 2023 by Liang, S., Tran, E., et al.
PubMed
ABSTRACT The inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B) and N2 (PTPN2) has emerged as an exciting approach for bolstering T cell anti-tumor immunity. ABBV-CLS-484 is a PTP1B/PTPN2 inhibitor in clinical trials for solid tumors. Here we have explored the therapeutic potential of a related small-molecule-inhibitor, Compound-182. We demonstrate that Compound-182 is a highly potent and selective active site competitive inhibitor of PTP1B and PTPN2 that enhances T cell recruitment and activation and represses the growth of tumors in mice, without promoting overt immune-related toxicities. The enhanced anti-tumor immunity in immunogenic tumors could be ascribed to the inhibition of PTP1B/PTPN2 in T cells, whereas in cold tumors, Compound-182 elicited direct effects on both tumor cells and T cells. Importantly, treatment with Compound-182 rendered otherwise resistant tumors sensitive to Ī±-PD1 therapy. Our findings establish the potential for small molecule inhibitors of PTP1B and PTPN2 to enhance anti-tumor immunity and combat cancer.
- Immunology and Microbiology
T-cell activation Rho GTPase-activating protein maintains intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal T helper cells differentiation through the gut microbiota.
In Frontiers in Microbiology on 28 January 2023 by He, R., Chen, J., et al.
PubMed
Common variants of the T-cell activation Rho GTPase-activating protein (TAGAP) are associated with the susceptibility to human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs); however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we show that TAGAP deficiency or TAGAP expression downregulation caused by TAGAP gene polymorphism leads to decreased production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as reg3g, which subsequently causes dysregulation of the gut microbiota, which includes Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides acidifaciens strains. These two strains can polarize T helper cell differentiation in the gut, and aggravate systemic disease associated with the dextran sodium sulfate-induced (DSS) disease's phenotype in mice. More importantly, we demonstrated that recombinant reg3g protein or anti-p40 monoclonal antibody exerted therapeutic effects for the treatment of DSS-induced colitis in wild-type and TAGAP-deficient mice, suggesting that they are potential medicines for human IBD treatment, and they may also have a therapeutic effect for the patients who carry the common variant of TAGAP rs212388. Copyright Ā© 2023 He, Chen, Zhao, Shi, Du, Yi, Feng, Peng, Cui, Gao, Wang, Huang, Liu and Wang.
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
T cell-derived interleukin-22 drives the expression of CD155 by cancer cells to suppress NK cell function and promote metastasis.
In Immunity on 10 January 2023 by Briukhovetska, D., Suarez-Gosalvez, J., et al.
PubMed
Although TĀ cells can exert potent anti-tumor immunity, a subset of T helper (Th) cells producing interleukin-22 (IL-22) in breast and lung tumors is linked to dismal patient outcome. Here, we examined the mechanisms whereby these TĀ cells contribute to disease. In murine models of lung and breast cancer, constitutional and TĀ cell-specific deletion of Il22 reduced metastases without affecting primary tumor growth. Deletion of the IL-22 receptor on cancer cells decreases metastasis to a degree similar to that seen in IL-22-deficient mice. IL-22 induced high expression of CD155, which bound to the activating receptor CD226 on NK cells. Excessive activation led to decreased amounts of CD226 and functionally impaired NK cells, which elevated the metastatic burden. IL-22 signaling was also associated with CD155 expression in human datasets and with poor patient outcomes. Taken together, our findings reveal an immunosuppressive circuit activated by TĀ cell-derived IL-22 that promotes lung metastasis.Copyright Ā© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
PTP1B Is an Intracellular Checkpoint that Limits T-cell and CAR T-cell Antitumor Immunity.
In Cancer Discovery on 1 March 2022 by Wiede, F., Lu, K. H., et al.
PubMed
Immunotherapies aimed at alleviating the inhibitory constraints on T cells have revolutionized cancer management. To date, these have focused on the blockade of cell-surface checkpoints such as PD-1. Herein we identify protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as an intracellular checkpoint that is upregulated in T cells in tumors. We show that increased PTP1B limits T-cell expansion and cytotoxicity to contribute to tumor growth. T cell-specific PTP1B deletion increased STAT5 signaling, and this enhanced the antigen-induced expansion and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells to suppress tumor growth. The pharmacologic inhibition of PTP1B recapitulated the T cell-mediated repression of tumor growth and enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade. Furthermore, the deletion or inhibition of PTP1B enhanced the efficacy of adoptively transferred chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against solid tumors. Our findings identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint whose inhibition can alleviate the inhibitory constraints on T cells and CAR T cells to combat cancer. Tumors subvert antitumor immunity by engaging checkpoints that promote T-cell exhaustion. Here we identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint and therapeutic target. We show that PTP1B is upregulated in intratumoral T cells and that its deletion or inhibition enhances T-cell antitumor activity and increases CAR T-cell effectiveness against solid tumors. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 587. Ā©2021 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.
- FC/FACS,
- Mus musculus (House mouse),
- Cancer Research,
- Immunology and Microbiology
PTP1B is an intracellular checkpoint that limits T cell and CAR T cell anti-tumor immunity
Preprint on BioRxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology on 12 November 2021 by Wiede, F., Lu, K., et al.
PubMed
h4>ABSTRACT/h4> Immunotherapies aimed at alleviating the inhibitory constraints on T cells have revolutionised cancer management. To date, these have focused on the blockade of cell surface checkpoints such as PD-1. Herein we identify protein-tyrosine-phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as an intracellular checkpoint that is upregulated in T cells in tumors. We show that the increased PTP1B limits T cell expansion and cytotoxicity to contribute to tumor growth. T cell-specific PTP1B deletion increased STAT-5 signaling and this enhanced the antigen-induced expansion and cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells to suppress tumor growth. The pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B recapitulated the T cell-mediated repression of tumor growth and enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade. Furthermore, the deletion or inhibition of PTP1B enhanced the efficacy of adoptively-transferred chimeric-antigen-receptor (CAR) T cells against solid tumors. Our findings identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint whose inhibition can alleviate the inhibitory constraints on T cells and CAR T cells to combat cancer. h4>STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE/h4> Tumors subvert anti-tumor immunity by engaging checkpoints that promote T-cell exhaustion. Here we identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint and therapeutic target. We show that PTP1B is upregulated in intra-tumoral T-cells and that its deletion or inhibition enhances T-cell anti-tumor activity and increases CAR T-cell effectiveness against solid tumors.
ILC3s control splenic cDC homeostasis via lymphotoxin signaling.
In The Journal of Experimental Medicine on 3 May 2021 by Vanderkerken, M., Baptista, A. P., et al.
PubMed
The spleen contains a myriad of conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets that protect against systemic pathogen dissemination by bridging antigen detection to the induction of adaptive immunity. How cDC subsets differentiate in the splenic environment is poorly understood. Here, we report that LTĪ±1Ī²2-expressing Rorgt+ ILC3s, together with B cells, control the splenic cDC niche size and the terminal differentiation of SirpĪ±+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s, independently of the microbiota and of bone marrow pre-cDC output. Whereas the size of the splenic cDC niche depended on lymphotoxin signaling only during a restricted time frame, the homeostasis of SirpĪ±+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s required continuous lymphotoxin input. This latter property made SirpĪ±+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s uniquely susceptible to pharmacological interventions with LTĪ²R agonists and antagonists and to ILC reconstitution strategies. Together, our findings demonstrate that LTĪ±1Ī²2-expressing Rorgt+ ILC3s drive splenic cDC differentiation and highlight the critical role of ILC3s as perpetual regulators of lymphoid tissue homeostasis. Ā© 2021 Vanderkerken et al.
- Biochemistry and Molecular biology,
- Cardiovascular biology
Cardiac Ī²-adrenergic receptor activation mediates distinct and cell type-dependent changes in the expression and distribution of connexin 43.
In Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine on 1 August 2020 by Zhang, Y., Hou, M. C., et al.
PubMed
Activation of the sympatho-Ī²-adrenergic receptors (Ī²-ARs) system is a hallmark of heart failure, leading to fibrosis and arrhythmias. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junctional protein in the myocardium. Current knowledge is limited regarding Cx43 remodelling in diverse cell types in the diseased myocardium and the underlying mechanism. We studied cell type-dependent changes in Cx43 remodelling due to Ī²-AR overactivation and molecular mechanisms involved. Mouse models of isoproterenol stimulation or transgenic cardiomyocyte overexpression of Ī²2 -AR were used, which exhibited cardiac fibrosis and up-regulated total Cx43 abundance. In both models, whereas Cx43 expression in cardiomyocytes was reduced and more laterally distributed, fibroblasts exhibited elevated Cx43 expression and enhanced gap junction communication. Mechanistically, activation of Ī²2 -AR in fibroblasts in vitro elevated Cx43 expression, which was abolished by the Ī²2 -antagonist ICI-118551 or protein kinase A inhibitor H-89, but simulated by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. Our in vitro and in vivo data showed that Ī²-AR activation-induced production of IL-18 sequentially stimulated Cx43 expression in fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion. In summary, our findings demonstrate a pivotal role of Ī²-AR in mediating distinct and cell type-dependent changes in the expression and distribution of Cx43, leading to pathological gap junction remodelling in the myocardium. Ā© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley Sons Ltd.