anlotinib alters tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating PD-L1 expression on vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Shaochuan Liu, Tingting Qin, Zhujun Liu, Jing Wang, Yanan Jia, Yingfang Feng, Yuan Gao & Kai Li
Abstract Due to their bacterial ancestry, many components of mitochondria share structural similarities with bacteria. Release of molecular danger signals from injured cell mitochondria (mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns, mito-DAMPs) triggers a potent inflammatory response, but their role in fibrosis is unknown. Using liver fibrosis resistant/susceptible mouse strain system, we demonstrate that mito-DAMPs released from injured hepatocyte mitochondria (with mtDNA as major active component) directly activate hepatic stellate cells, the fibrogenic cell in the liver, and drive liver scarring. The release of mito-DAMPs is controlled by efferocytosis of dying hepatocytes by phagocytic resident liver macrophages and infiltrating Gr-1(+) myeloid cells. Circulating mito-DAMPs are markedly increased in human patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and significant liver fibrosis. Our study identifies specific pathway driving liver fibrosis, with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Targeting mito-DAMP release from hepatocytes and/or modulating the phagocytic function of macrophages represents a promising antifibrotic strategy.Reference: Liu, S., Qin, T., Liu, Z. et al. anlotinib alters tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating PD-L1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis 11, 309 (2020). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles
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The authors used Bio X Cell's anti-mouse CD4 (Clone: GK1.5) and anti-mouse CD8α (Clone: 53-6.7) in this research study.